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                  <li class="main">
                    <a href="#viewsets">ViewSets</a>
                  </li>

                  
                    <li>
                      <a href="#example">Example</a>
                    </li>
                  
                    <li>
                      <a href="#viewset-actions">ViewSet actions</a>
                    </li>
                  
                    <li>
                      <a href="#introspecting-viewset-actions">Introspecting ViewSet actions</a>
                    </li>
                  
                    <li>
                      <a href="#marking-extra-actions-for-routing">Marking extra actions for routing</a>
                    </li>
                  
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                      <a href="#reversing-action-urls">Reversing action URLs</a>
                    </li>
                  
                
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                    <a href="#api-reference">API Reference</a>
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                      <a href="#viewset">ViewSet</a>
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                      <a href="#genericviewset">GenericViewSet</a>
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                      <a href="#modelviewset">ModelViewSet</a>
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                      <a href="#readonlymodelviewset">ReadOnlyModelViewSet</a>
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                    <a href="#custom-viewset-base-classes">Custom ViewSet base classes</a>
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                  <a class="github" href="https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework/tree/master/rest_framework/viewsets.py">
                    <span class="label label-info">viewsets.py</span>
                  </a>
                
              

              <h1 id="viewsets"><a class="toclink" href="#viewsets">ViewSets</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>After routing has determined which controller to use for a request, your controller is responsible for making sense of the request and producing the appropriate output.</p>
<p>&mdash; <a href="https://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html">Ruby on Rails Documentation</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Django REST framework allows you to combine the logic for a set of related views in a single class, called a <code>ViewSet</code>.  In other frameworks you may also find conceptually similar implementations named something like 'Resources' or 'Controllers'.</p>
<p>A <code>ViewSet</code> class is simply <strong>a type of class-based View, that does not provide any method handlers</strong> such as <code>.get()</code> or <code>.post()</code>, and instead provides actions such as <code>.list()</code> and <code>.create()</code>.</p>
<p>The method handlers for a <code>ViewSet</code> are only bound to the corresponding actions at the point of finalizing the view, using the <code>.as_view()</code> method.</p>
<p>Typically, rather than explicitly registering the views in a viewset in the urlconf, you'll register the viewset with a router class, that automatically determines the urlconf for you.</p>
<h2 id="example"><a class="toclink" href="#example">Example</a></h2>
<p>Let's define a simple viewset that can be used to list or retrieve all the users in the system.</p>
<pre><code>from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404
from myapps.serializers import UserSerializer
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.response import Response

class UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):
    """
    A simple ViewSet for listing or retrieving users.
    """
    def list(self, request):
        queryset = User.objects.all()
        serializer = UserSerializer(queryset, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):
        queryset = User.objects.all()
        user = get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=pk)
        serializer = UserSerializer(user)
        return Response(serializer.data)
</code></pre>
<p>If we need to, we can bind this viewset into two separate views, like so:</p>
<pre><code>user_list = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list'})
user_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'retrieve'})
</code></pre>
<p>Typically we wouldn't do this, but would instead register the viewset with a router, and allow the urlconf to be automatically generated.</p>
<pre><code>from myapp.views import UserViewSet
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter

router = DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', UserViewSet, basename='user')
urlpatterns = router.urls
</code></pre>
<p>Rather than writing your own viewsets, you'll often want to use the existing base classes that provide a default set of behavior.  For example:</p>
<pre><code>class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    A viewset for viewing and editing user instances.
    """
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    queryset = User.objects.all()
</code></pre>
<p>There are two main advantages of using a <code>ViewSet</code> class over using a <code>View</code> class.</p>
<ul>
<li>Repeated logic can be combined into a single class.  In the above example, we only need to specify the <code>queryset</code> once, and it'll be used across multiple views.</li>
<li>By using routers, we no longer need to deal with wiring up the URL conf ourselves.</li>
</ul>
<p>Both of these come with a trade-off.  Using regular views and URL confs is more explicit and gives you more control.  ViewSets are helpful if you want to get up and running quickly, or when you have a large API and you want to enforce a consistent URL configuration throughout.</p>
<h2 id="viewset-actions"><a class="toclink" href="#viewset-actions">ViewSet actions</a></h2>
<p>The default routers included with REST framework will provide routes for a standard set of create/retrieve/update/destroy style actions, as shown below:</p>
<pre><code>class UserViewSet(viewsets.ViewSet):
    """
    Example empty viewset demonstrating the standard
    actions that will be handled by a router class.

    If you're using format suffixes, make sure to also include
    the `format=None` keyword argument for each action.
    """

    def list(self, request):
        pass

    def create(self, request):
        pass

    def retrieve(self, request, pk=None):
        pass

    def update(self, request, pk=None):
        pass

    def partial_update(self, request, pk=None):
        pass

    def destroy(self, request, pk=None):
        pass
</code></pre>
<h2 id="introspecting-viewset-actions"><a class="toclink" href="#introspecting-viewset-actions">Introspecting ViewSet actions</a></h2>
<p>During dispatch, the following attributes are available on the <code>ViewSet</code>.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>basename</code> - the base to use for the URL names that are created.</li>
<li><code>action</code> - the name of the current action (e.g., <code>list</code>, <code>create</code>).</li>
<li><code>detail</code> - boolean indicating if the current action is configured for a list or detail view.</li>
<li><code>suffix</code> - the display suffix for the viewset type - mirrors the <code>detail</code> attribute.</li>
<li><code>name</code> - the display name for the viewset. This argument is mutually exclusive to <code>suffix</code>.</li>
<li><code>description</code> - the display description for the individual view of a viewset.</li>
</ul>
<p>You may inspect these attributes to adjust behaviour based on the current action. For example, you could restrict permissions to everything except the <code>list</code> action similar to this:</p>
<pre><code>def get_permissions(self):
    """
    Instantiates and returns the list of permissions that this view requires.
    """
    if self.action == 'list':
        permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
    else:
        permission_classes = [IsAdmin]
    return [permission() for permission in permission_classes]
</code></pre>
<h2 id="marking-extra-actions-for-routing"><a class="toclink" href="#marking-extra-actions-for-routing">Marking extra actions for routing</a></h2>
<p>If you have ad-hoc methods that should be routable, you can mark them as such with the <code>@action</code> decorator. Like regular actions, extra actions may be intended for either a single object, or an entire collection. To indicate this, set the <code>detail</code> argument to <code>True</code> or <code>False</code>. The router will configure its URL patterns accordingly. e.g., the <code>DefaultRouter</code> will configure detail actions to contain <code>pk</code> in their URL patterns.</p>
<p>A more complete example of extra actions:</p>
<pre><code>from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from rest_framework import status, viewsets
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from rest_framework.response import Response
from myapp.serializers import UserSerializer, PasswordSerializer

class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    A viewset that provides the standard actions
    """
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'])
    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):
        user = self.get_object()
        serializer = PasswordSerializer(data=request.data)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            user.set_password(serializer.data['password'])
            user.save()
            return Response({'status': 'password set'})
        else:
            return Response(serializer.errors,
                            status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

    @action(detail=False)
    def recent_users(self, request):
        recent_users = User.objects.all().order_by('-last_login')

        page = self.paginate_queryset(recent_users)
        if page is not None:
            serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
            return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)

        serializer = self.get_serializer(recent_users, many=True)
        return Response(serializer.data)
</code></pre>
<p>The decorator can additionally take extra arguments that will be set for the routed view only.  For example:</p>
<pre><code>    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'], permission_classes=[IsAdminOrIsSelf])
    def set_password(self, request, pk=None):
       ...
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>action</code> decorator will route <code>GET</code> requests by default, but may also accept other HTTP methods by setting the <code>methods</code> argument.  For example:</p>
<pre><code>    @action(detail=True, methods=['post', 'delete'])
    def unset_password(self, request, pk=None):
       ...
</code></pre>
<p>The two new actions will then be available at the urls <code>^users/{pk}/set_password/$</code> and <code>^users/{pk}/unset_password/$</code></p>
<p>To view all extra actions, call the <code>.get_extra_actions()</code> method.</p>
<h3 id="routing-additional-http-methods-for-extra-actions"><a class="toclink" href="#routing-additional-http-methods-for-extra-actions">Routing additional HTTP methods for extra actions</a></h3>
<p>Extra actions can map additional HTTP methods to separate <code>ViewSet</code> methods. For example, the above password set/unset methods could be consolidated into a single route. Note that additional mappings do not accept arguments.</p>
<pre><code class="python">    @action(detail=True, methods=['put'], name='Change Password')
    def password(self, request, pk=None):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;Update the user's password.&quot;&quot;&quot;
        ...

    @password.mapping.delete
    def delete_password(self, request, pk=None):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;Delete the user's password.&quot;&quot;&quot;
        ...
</code></pre>

<h2 id="reversing-action-urls"><a class="toclink" href="#reversing-action-urls">Reversing action URLs</a></h2>
<p>If you need to get the URL of an action, use the <code>.reverse_action()</code> method. This is a convenience wrapper for <code>reverse()</code>, automatically passing the view's <code>request</code> object and prepending the <code>url_name</code> with the <code>.basename</code> attribute.</p>
<p>Note that the <code>basename</code> is provided by the router during <code>ViewSet</code> registration. If you are not using a router, then you must provide the <code>basename</code> argument to the <code>.as_view()</code> method.</p>
<p>Using the example from the previous section:</p>
<pre><code class="python">&gt;&gt;&gt; view.reverse_action('set-password', args=['1'])
'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'
</code></pre>

<p>Alternatively, you can use the <code>url_name</code> attribute set by the <code>@action</code> decorator.</p>
<pre><code class="python">&gt;&gt;&gt; view.reverse_action(view.set_password.url_name, args=['1'])
'http://localhost:8000/api/users/1/set_password'
</code></pre>

<p>The <code>url_name</code> argument for <code>.reverse_action()</code> should match the same argument to the <code>@action</code> decorator. Additionally, this method can be used to reverse the default actions, such as <code>list</code> and <code>create</code>.</p>
<hr />
<h1 id="api-reference"><a class="toclink" href="#api-reference">API Reference</a></h1>
<h2 id="viewset"><a class="toclink" href="#viewset">ViewSet</a></h2>
<p>The <code>ViewSet</code> class inherits from <code>APIView</code>.  You can use any of the standard attributes such as <code>permission_classes</code>, <code>authentication_classes</code> in order to control the API policy on the viewset.</p>
<p>The <code>ViewSet</code> class does not provide any implementations of actions.  In order to use a <code>ViewSet</code> class you'll override the class and define the action implementations explicitly.</p>
<h2 id="genericviewset"><a class="toclink" href="#genericviewset">GenericViewSet</a></h2>
<p>The <code>GenericViewSet</code> class inherits from <code>GenericAPIView</code>, and provides the default set of <code>get_object</code>, <code>get_queryset</code> methods and other generic view base behavior, but does not include any actions by default.</p>
<p>In order to use a <code>GenericViewSet</code> class you'll override the class and either mixin the required mixin classes, or define the action implementations explicitly.</p>
<h2 id="modelviewset"><a class="toclink" href="#modelviewset">ModelViewSet</a></h2>
<p>The <code>ModelViewSet</code> class inherits from <code>GenericAPIView</code> and includes implementations for various actions, by mixing in the behavior of the various mixin classes.</p>
<p>The actions provided by the <code>ModelViewSet</code> class are <code>.list()</code>, <code>.retrieve()</code>,  <code>.create()</code>, <code>.update()</code>, <code>.partial_update()</code>, and <code>.destroy()</code>.</p>
<h4 id="example_1"><a class="toclink" href="#example_1">Example</a></h4>
<p>Because <code>ModelViewSet</code> extends <code>GenericAPIView</code>, you'll normally need to provide at least the <code>queryset</code> and <code>serializer_class</code> attributes.  For example:</p>
<pre><code>class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing accounts.
    """
    queryset = Account.objects.all()
    serializer_class = AccountSerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]
</code></pre>
<p>Note that you can use any of the standard attributes or method overrides provided by <code>GenericAPIView</code>.  For example, to use a <code>ViewSet</code> that dynamically determines the queryset it should operate on, you might do something like this:</p>
<pre><code>class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    A simple ViewSet for viewing and editing the accounts
    associated with the user.
    """
    serializer_class = AccountSerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAccountAdminOrReadOnly]

    def get_queryset(self):
        return self.request.user.accounts.all()
</code></pre>
<p>Note however that upon removal of the <code>queryset</code> property from your <code>ViewSet</code>, any associated <a href="../routers/index.html">router</a> will be unable to derive the basename of your Model automatically, and so you will have to specify the <code>basename</code> kwarg as part of your <a href="../routers/index.html">router registration</a>.</p>
<p>Also note that although this class provides the complete set of create/list/retrieve/update/destroy actions by default, you can restrict the available operations by using the standard permission classes.</p>
<h2 id="readonlymodelviewset"><a class="toclink" href="#readonlymodelviewset">ReadOnlyModelViewSet</a></h2>
<p>The <code>ReadOnlyModelViewSet</code> class also inherits from <code>GenericAPIView</code>.  As with <code>ModelViewSet</code> it also includes implementations for various actions, but unlike <code>ModelViewSet</code> only provides the 'read-only' actions, <code>.list()</code> and <code>.retrieve()</code>.</p>
<h4 id="example_2"><a class="toclink" href="#example_2">Example</a></h4>
<p>As with <code>ModelViewSet</code>, you'll normally need to provide at least the <code>queryset</code> and <code>serializer_class</code> attributes.  For example:</p>
<pre><code>class AccountViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet):
    """
    A simple ViewSet for viewing accounts.
    """
    queryset = Account.objects.all()
    serializer_class = AccountSerializer
</code></pre>
<p>Again, as with <code>ModelViewSet</code>, you can use any of the standard attributes and method overrides available to <code>GenericAPIView</code>.</p>
<h1 id="custom-viewset-base-classes"><a class="toclink" href="#custom-viewset-base-classes">Custom ViewSet base classes</a></h1>
<p>You may need to provide custom <code>ViewSet</code> classes that do not have the full set of <code>ModelViewSet</code> actions, or that customize the behavior in some other way.</p>
<h2 id="example_3"><a class="toclink" href="#example_3">Example</a></h2>
<p>To create a base viewset class that provides <code>create</code>, <code>list</code> and <code>retrieve</code> operations, inherit from <code>GenericViewSet</code>, and mixin the required actions:</p>
<pre><code>from rest_framework import mixins

class CreateListRetrieveViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin,
                                mixins.ListModelMixin,
                                mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                                viewsets.GenericViewSet):
    """
    A viewset that provides `retrieve`, `create`, and `list` actions.

    To use it, override the class and set the `.queryset` and
    `.serializer_class` attributes.
    """
    pass
</code></pre>
<p>By creating your own base <code>ViewSet</code> classes, you can provide common behavior that can be reused in multiple viewsets across your API.</p>
            

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